I’ve always just downloaded and extracted ADB from the SDK Platform Tools as a standalone thing like:
wget https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/platform-tools
unzip platform-tools-latest-linux.zip
cd unzip platform-tools
./adb devices
You might need to add a udev rule under /etc/udev/rules.d
for the right access to the USB device.
This has always worked for my purposes but I don’t know if there is a better way.